Контрольная Английский язык, вариант 5, номер: 195106

Organization

An organization is a social arrangement which pursues collective goals, controls its own performance, and has a boundary separating it from its environment. The word itself is derived from the Greek word organon.
In the social sciences, organizations are studied by researchers from several disciplines, the most common of which are sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management, and organizational communication. The broad area is commonly referred to as organizational studies, organizational behavior or organization analysis.
There are different approaches to organization:
• Organization – process-related: an entity is being (re-)organized (organization as task or action).
• Organization – functional: organization as a function of how entities like businesses or state authorities are used (organization as a permanent structure).
• Organization – institutional: an entity is an organization (organization as an actual purposeful structure within a social context)
Management is interested in organization mainly from an instrumental point of view. For a company, organization is a means to an end to achieve its goals - which are to create value for its stakeholders (stockholders, employees, customers, suppliers, community).
An organization that is established as an instrument or means for achieving defined objectives has been referred to as a formal organization. Its design specifies how goals are subdivided and reflected in subdivisions of the organization. Divisions, departments, sections, positions, jobs, and tasks make up this work structure. Thus, the formal organization is expected to behave impersonally in regard to relationships with clients or with its members. Each employee receives a salary and enjoys a degree of tenure that safeguards him from the arbitrary influence of superiors or of powerful clients. The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization. It is this bureaucratic structure that forms the basis for the appointment of heads or chiefs of administrative subdivisions in the organization and endows them with the authority attached to their position.
An organizational structure is a mainly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim.
Organizations are a variant of clustered entities. An organization can be structured in many different ways and styles, depending on their objectives and ambiance. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it operates and performs.
Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual. Individuals in an organizational structure are normally hired under time-limited work contracts or work orders, or under permanent employment contracts or program orders.
An effective organizational structure shall facilitate working relationships between various entities in the organization and may improve the working efficiency within the organizational units.
Common success criteria for organizational structures are:
• Decentralized reporting
• Flat hierarchy
• High transient speed
• High transparency
• Low residual mass
• Permanent monitoring
• Rapid response
• Shared reliability
• Matrix hierarchy

Organization. Exercises.
1. Transcribe and translate the following words.
arrangement
pursue
boundary
derive
discipline
sociology
psychology
behavior
analysis
process
specify
regard
tenure
hierarchy
adjudicate
endow
collaborate
permanent
efficiency
criteria
2. Give Russian equivalents for the following phrases.
social arrangement
broad area
point of view
means
make up
in regard to
a variant of clustered entities
time-limited work contracts or work orders
improve the working efficiency
low residual mass
3. Translate these sentences into Russian.
For a company, organization is a means to an end to achieve its goals - which are to create value for its stakeholders (stockholders, employees, customers, suppliers, community).
The higher his position in the hierarchy, the greater his presumed expertise in adjudicating problems that may arise in the course of the work carried out at lower levels of the organization.
Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities such as the branch, department, workgroup and individual.
4. Find English equivalents for the following words and phrases.
контролировать производительность организации
теория организации и организационное поведение
различные подходы к организации
вести себя беспристрастно
находиться на определенной должности
наделять властью
разновидность сгруппированных объектов (сущностей).
Answer the following questions.

1) What is an organization?
2) What disciplines is organization studied by
3) What are the three approaches to the study of organization?
4) What elements does organization usually consist of?
5) What is a formal organization?
6) What is an organizational structure?
7) What are the success criteria for the organizational structures?
6. К экзамену подготовить тему “Ways of getting education.”